====== Concurrency paradigms ======

===== Parallel Programming Models and Paradigms =====
http://www.buyya.com/cluster/v2chap1.pdf

===== Shared variables =====

E.W. Dijkstra. [[http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd01xx/EWD123.PDF|Cooperating Sequential Processes]]. EWD 123. 1968.

Languages that exploit shared variables include //Java//.


===== Synchronous message passing =====

C.A.R. Hoare. [[http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/359576.359585|Communicating Sequential Processes ]]. Communications of the ACM, 21(8):666-677, August 1978.  

Widely referred as CSP.

Languages that exploit synchronous message passing include //Occam// and //Ada//.


===== Asynchronous message passing =====

Languages that exploit asynchronous message passing include //Pict// and //Erlang//.  

Relavent information: //Kahn process networks (KPN)// and //Synchronous data flow (SDF)//

[[http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/papers/pict-design.ps|An introduction to Pict.]] 

===== Concurrent constraint programming =====

An example of a language that exploits this paradigm is //ccp// - concurrent constraint programming language. 

//Jo// , //Oz// and //Mozart// are examples of concurrent constraint programming language.

[[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rd/64820993,174088,1,0.25,Download/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/3590/http:zSzzSzwww.dcs.ed.ac.ukzSzhomezSzarwzSzjo.pdf/wilson95jo.pdf|Jo: A Concurrent Constraint Programming Language ]]

[[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/rd/64820993,95082,1,0.25,Download/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/3086/http:zSzzSzwww.isg.sfu.cazSzdfki-pszSzPPCP93.pdf/object-oriented-concurrent-constraint.pdf|Object-Oriented Concurrent Constraint Programming in Oz]]

One extension of this language has also been introduced with temporal/timed constraints and is called //tccp// - timed concurrent constraint programming language. The motivation was to use this language in real-time/reactive systems.

Introduced by F.S. de Boer et al.

A Timed Concurrent Constraint Language - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/inco.1999.2879





===== Coordination Model =====

Languages that exploit coordination model include //Linda//.

Coordination Langauges and their Significance
[[http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/~virajb/readinglist/coordinationlang.pdf]]
Communications of the ACM(1992),Carriero Nicholas

Wells, George. Coordination Languages: Back to the Future with Linda. Rhodes University.
http://wcat05.unex.es/Documents/Wells.pdf


[[http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/330000/326908/p518-shearer.pdf?key1=326908&key2=9351600911&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE,ACM&CFID=35483893&CFTOKEN=89210600|Design of a Linda Kernel using Causal Multicast]]

===== Actor Model =====

The Actor Model originated in a 1973 paper [[http://dli.iiit.ac.in/ijcai/IJCAI-73/PDF/027B.pdf]] introduced by Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger.

Languages imploying the Actor Model include: //Act 1, 2 and 3, E programming language, Erlang, Gambit-C (with Termite), Io language, Ptolemy Project, Rebeca Modeling Language, SALSA, Scala, ABCL/1, ABCL/f, Acore//.



===== Promise pipelining =====

Promise refers to an object that acts as a proxy for a result that is initially not known, usually because the computation of its value has not yet completed.

It was introduced in 1977 in a paper by Henry Baker and Carl Hewitt: Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes.

Languages also supporting promise pipelining include: 
[[http://www.agorics.com/Library/joule.html | Joule ]] and [[http://erights.org/| E ]]