Differences

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--- geneonyxdec202011:start [2015/05/06 18:08] – magiero
+++ geneonyxdec202011:start [2015/05/06 18:46] (current) – magiero
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 • The genetic era now opens up the possibility to utilise a deeper understanding of genetics in a customised, i.e. person-specific, way.\\
 • A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found in the target //(i.e. molecule to be affected)// of an active ingredient //(i.e. the key molecule in the drug)// provides information on the quality of the expected response\\
-• //Use cross-validation of biological target// \\
+• //Use __CROSS-VALIDATION__ of biological target// \\
 • This method uses detection of SNP to estimate protein-protein interaction between an ingredient and its direct or indirect target.\\
 • **As previously discussed**, detecting SNPs to evaluate particular molecule efficacy in a biological pathway is known and is used in pharmacogenetics.\\
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 === - 2: Identification and selection of a SNP in the ingredient's target ===
-{{ fig4.png?400}}
+{{ fig4.png?450}}
 • The ingredient's target corresponds to a protein related to a gene.\\
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 • 5 questions are asked (1: SNP has poor effect on ingredient to 5: SNP has considerable effect on ingredient) to determine SIF.\\
 • A "functional" SNP is one with a SIF of 5 is chosen.\\
+^            ^         ^           ^ Target is a    ^        ^ Proven    ^ Disruptive ^ High freq.     ^ Total  ^
+^            ^         ^           ^ major molecule ^ Direct ^ effect of ^ effect for ^ in the pop-    ^ score  ^
+^ Ingredient ^ Target  ^ SNP ID    ^ in the pathway ^ target ^ the SNP   ^ ingredient ^ ulation >0.05  ^ of yes ^
+| Niacin     | HM74    | rs2454726 | yes            | yes    | yes       | yes        | yes            | 5      |
+| Collagen   | MMP-11  | rs1799750 | yes            | yes    | yes       | yes        | yes            | 5      |
 • SNPs are organized into level of interaction with metabolism pathway.\\
   * 1st level: First protein to interact with ingredient (receptor or enzyme responsible for chemical interaction or ingredient modification).  Severe consequences on ingredient metabolism if target not functioning.
   * 2nd level: Key molecule involved in metabolism (e.g. enzyme within metabolic pathway of ingredient).  Moderate consequence.
   * 3rd level: Molecule involved in metabolism with minor consequences.
+• SNPs that are selected are typically well-represented within the whole population (e.g. greater than 5% frequency within the population).\\
+• However, in some circumstances SNPs may be selected that are very specific to one or more groups within the population (i.e. smaller populations)\\
+• SNPs may be selected that have either a beneficial influence on the metabolism of the ingredient (and therefore its efficacy), or conversely that may have a detrimental influence on the metabolism of the ingredient.
 === - 3: Design of specific primers to amplify the specific SNP associated to ingredients ===
+• One of the key aspects of this method is to design specific primers to target the right genotype.\\
+• To amplify DNA, several standard methods can be used such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), SNAP, or LAPM assay.\\
+• All these techniques are based on the selection of accurate primers.\\
+• Primers were selected according to a number of criteria, including: primer length, the terminal nucleotide in the primer, reasonable GC content and Tm.\\
 === - 4: Matching ingredients to their target and the associated SNP ===
+• Each ingredient has the ability to be “metabolised” by a person. This ability is based upon the genetic makeup of this person. \\
+• **The metabolic pathways of many ingredients are identified and a list is created which details those ingredients that either become inactive due to the presence of a SNP, or a highly beneficial ingredient because the SNP creates a failing or fault that is corrected by this ingredient.**\\
+• __Once the ingredients have been matched to their target and the associated SNP__, this information can be entered into a table or database for future reference.\\
 === - 5: Correlation between ingredients and efficacy associated to SNP ===
+• It can now be determined if an ingredient is efficient or not when affected by a specific SNP(s) in its target (the aforementioned __CROSS-VALIDATION__?).\\
+• The final decision reflects the previously determined efficacy of the ingredient.\\
+• If the target is not functional the ingredient will not be recommended. (i.e. customer's SNP not receptive to ingredient)\\
+• In contrast, if the target is not affected by the SNP the ingredient will be recommended (i.e. just a "normal" SNP)\\
+• If the SNP provides again enhanced efficacy of an ingredient, the dosage of this ingredient might be considered before being recommended\\
+• taken into consideration is the genotype identified by the test. This will affect the correlation given on the efficacy of the test\\
 === - 6: Application: Selection of a group of SNPs associated with the composition of a cosmetic product and its outcome ===